Indirectly from systems theory. The study of how circular, interlocking behaviors of species create multi-optimized fitness. Reveals things not only about how species cooperate but how they learn and transform in the process. The Acacia shrub and the Army ant in the Mexican desert are not merely mutualistic, but interwoven in time. The plant has transformed itself into a shelter and food source for the ants, and the ants patrol the plant 24 hours a day. The ants no longer burrough to create shelter for themselves; the plant has given up its natural defenses (alkaloid leaves) and can no longer protect itself without the ants. This is not simple deterritorialization, but feedback and learning, without any top-down directive.